Production and Packaging of Non-Carbonated Fruit Juices and Fruit Beverages

1 Authentication of orange juice.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.1.1 Incidence of adulteration.- 1.1.2 The market for frozen concentrated orange juice.- 1.1.3 Factors affecting adulteration.- 1.1.4 Combating fake juice.- 1.2 Analysis.- 1.2.1 Minerals.- 1.2.2 Organic acids.- 1.2.3 Sugars.- 1.2.4 Isotopic methods.- 1.2.5 Photometric methods.- 1.2.6 Amino acids.- 1.2.7 Methods of limited application.- 1.2.8 Future possibilities.- 1.3 Statistics.- 1.3.1 Introduction and the Gaussian distribution.- 1.3.2 Some problems of statistical interpretation.- 1.3.3 Ratios as variates.- 1.3.4 Multivariate techniques.- 1.3.5 Pattern recognition analysis.- 1.4 Recent developments in orange juice adulteration.- 1.4.1 Introduction.- 1.4.2 The SNIF-NMR method.- 1.4.3 Multi-isotopic fingerprint of fruit juices.- 1.4.4 Further applications of the SNIF-NMR method.- 1.4.5 The implications for orange juice authentication under the UK Food Safety Act 1990.- References.- 2 Chemistry and technology of citrus juices and by-products.- 2.1 Principal citrus cultivars.- 2.1.1 Origin of citrus.- 2.1.2 Commercial citrus regions.- 2.1.3 Citrus growing areas.- 2.1.4 Effect of frost.- 2.1.5 Effect of soil.- 2.2 Composition and structure of citrus fruits and juices of various cultivars.- 2.2.1 General relationship.- 2.2.2 Organic acids.- 2.2.3 Carbohydrates.- 2.2.4 Color pigments.- 2.2.5 Vitamins and inorganic constituents.- 2.2.6 Flavonoids.- 2.2.7 Lipids.- 2.3 Operational procedures and effects on quality and shelf life of citrus juices.- 2.3.1 Outline of good manufacturing and processing procedures.- 2.4 Citrus juice flavor enhancement with natural citrus volatiles.- 2.4.1 Components of citrus juice flavor.- 2.4.2 Citrus flavor enhancement technology.- 2.4.3 Citrus oils and aroma and their recovery.- 2.5 Pectic substances and relationship of citrus enzymes to juice quality.- 2.6 Effect of time, temperature and other factors on citrus products.- References.- 3 Grape juice processing.- 3.1 History of grape juice processing in North America.- 3.2 Grape cultivars.- 3.3 The chemistry of grape juice.- 3.3.1 Carbohydrates.- 3.3.2 Acids.- 3.3.3 Mineral content.- 3.3.4 Phenolics.- 3.3.5 Volatiles.- 3.4 Modern grape juice processing.- 3.4.1 Harvesting/ripening.- 3.4.2 Stemmer/crusher operation.- 3.4.3 Hot-break process.- 3.4.4 De-juicing/pressing operation.- 3.4.5 Coarse filtration.- 3.4.6 Bulk storage and tartrate precipitation.- 3.4.7 Enzyme clarification.- 3.4.8 Polish (fine) filtration.- 3.4.9 Hot fill.- 3.5 Process alternatives.- 3.5.1 Cold-pressing.- 3.5.2 Aseptic process.- 3.5.3 Concentration.- 3.5.4 Sulfur dioxide preservative.- References.- 4 Tropical fruit juices.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Guava.- 4.3 Mango.- 4.4 Passionfruit.- 4.5 Pineapple.- 4.6 Other tropical fruits.- 4.6.1 Acerola.- 4.6.2 Banana.- 4.6.3 Kiwifruit.- 4.6.4 Lulo.- 4.6.5 Papaya.- 4.6.6 Soursop.- 4.6.7 Umbu.- 4.7 Tropical fruit juices in Europe today.- 4.8 The future.- Further reading.- 5 Growing and marketing soft fruit for juices and beverages.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Selling the fruit crop: the options.- 5.2.1 The market place.- 5.2.2 Minimum import prices.- 5.2.3 The long term contract.- 5.3 Producing the soft fruit crop.- 5.4 Blackcurrants.- 5.4.1 General.- 5.4.2 Siting.- 5.4.3 Manuring.- 5.4.4 Varieties.- 5.4.5 Propagation.- 5.4.6 Planting.- 5.4.7 Weed control.- 5.4.8 Frost protection.- 5.4.9 Harvesting/handling.- 5.4.10 Control of fruit quality at harvesting.- 5.4.11 Plantation life.- 5.5 Control of fruit pests and diseases.- 5.5.1 ’Organic’ production of fruit.- 5.5.2 Selection of pesticides for crop protection.- 5.6 Pests and diseases of blackcurrants.- 5.6.1 Viruses.- 5.6.2 Arthropods.- 5.6.3 Fungi.- 5.7 Other soft fruits.- 5.7.1 Strawberries.- 5.7.2 Raspberries.- 5.7.3 Gooseberries.- 5.7.4 Red currants.- 5.7.5 Blackberries.- 5.8 Storing fruit for processing.- 5.9 The future-blackcurrant research and development (R & D).- 6 Apple juice.- 6.1 General background.- 6.1.1 Juice extraction.- 6.1.2 Po...