What Mandate of Heaven Means to Confucius

What Mandate of Heaven Means to Confucius

What Mandate of Heaven Means to Confucius

Sang-Yiing Chang / 張善穎

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Editorial:
EHGBooks
Año de edición:
2013
ISBN:
9781647845353
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關於孔子的博學多聞,司馬遷記錄了兩則傳聞。〈史記.孔子世家〉在「定公立五年,夏,季平子卒,桓子嗣立」之後,緊接著就寫「季桓子穿井得土缶」,問於仲尼云「得狗」,孔子回答說是羊:「丘聞之,木石之怪,夔、罔閬;水之怪,龍、罔象;土之怪,墳羊」。這或許反映了孔子的考古知識。另一段也很離奇。「吳伐越,墮會稽,得骨節專車」,吳國特地遣使問仲尼,問了「骨何者最大」、「誰為神」、「防風何守」、「人長幾何」一堆怪問題。孔子逐一答覆,既明確又肯定,不教來使失望,「於是吳客曰:『善哉聖人!』」傳中「善哉聖人」一句的意指,和春秋時代以聰敏多知、多能為聖人的概念相符合。即使是在孔子的時代,他的博學多聞也是有目共睹的,朝野都有人注意到。某達巷黨人感歎孔子「博學而無所成名」;某大宰也向子貢打聽「夫子聖者與?何其多能也?」而在另一個場合,孔子更主動問子貢:「女以予為多學而識之者與?」子貢回答那是當然的,難道不是嗎?有意思的是,孔子卻說:「非也,予一以貫之。」孔子並不是否認人們關於他的博學多聞、多才多藝的看法,他要指出的是,還有在博、多之外的一些什麼才是最根本的,這和所學、所聞、所能不在同一個層次。「多學而識之」是聰明,「一以貫之」則涉及了內在的真實體驗。「孔子以詩書禮樂教。」(〈孔子世家〉)對《詩》、《書》的熟稔是不必說的;對禮、樂,孔子從理論和實務兩方面也都作出了貢獻,而且他喜歡唱歌。(「子與人歌而善,必使反之,而後和之。」〈述而〉)至於實用技能的射、御、書、數,乃至兵戎教戰之事,孔子的修為也不在話下。孔子既豐富又深刻,是真正符合了當今全人教育理念的一位全人,而他生活的年代距今已經兩千五百年。「哲人日已遠,典型在夙昔。」從十七歲懂得讀書的意義以來,孔子就一直是我心目中的哲人典型之一。孟子曰:「讀其書,不知其人,可乎?是以論其世也。」(〈萬章下〉)太史公曰:「雖不能至,然心鄉往之。余讀孔氏書,想見其為人。」(〈孔子世家〉)他們兩人的說法,於我心有戚戚焉。張善穎,國立臺北護理健康大學助理教授,主要學術興趣在中國古代哲學、佛學、文化哲學與道德哲學。出版詩集《描金的影子》、《Paris, Paris》,內容多涉及宗教與人性省思;曾獲第十八屆時報文學獎新詩首獎。散文《十二個孩子的人生哲學》獲第十屆台北文學年金。另譯有葛拉斯詩畫集《給不讀詩的人》。 3

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