Masters of War

He was born in the year of Marengo and died in the age of the phonograph. In ninety years he traversed the entire arc from horse-and-cannon warfare to industrial slaughter, from the personal command of the Napoleonic general to the telegraph-mediated direction of armies numbering in the hundreds of thousands. He did not merely witness this transformation. He was one of its chief architects. Helmuth von Moltke the Elder, Prussian Generalfeldmarschall, thirty-one-year Chief of the Great General Staff, director of the wars that forged the German Empire, stands among the greatest military minds in the history of the western world. He created a new form of operational warfare built on railway logistics, delegated command, and the systematic preparation of an institution rather than the genius of a single man. At Königgrätz in 1866 he encircled and broke the Austrian Army in a single afternoon. At Sedan in 1870 he captured Napoleon III and an entire French field army, ending the Second Empire before the week was out. But this book is not only the story of victories. It follows Moltke from his Danish boyhood through the Royal Military Academy at Copenhagen, into Prussian service and the intellectual formation of a mind that read Clausewitz, translated Gibbon, and surveyed the Euphrates. It examines his four years in the Ottoman Empire, the surveys, the advisory frustrations, the rout at Nezib that taught him the lesson he built his career around: that battles are won or lost in the years of preparation, not the hours of fighting. It traces the three decades of institutional labour by which he transformed the Prussian General Staff from a planning bureau into the collective brain of the most formidable army in Europe, and the three campaigns in which that brain was put to the test. And it takes seriously the paradox at the heart of the man. The architect of the decisive battle was also its most prescient critic. In his final Reichstag address, delivered at eighty-nine, in the year that the Edison phonograph preserved his voice for posterity, he warned that the next European war would not end as his had. It might last seven years, he said. Or thirty. Woe to the statesman who lit such a flame without calculating what he was kindling. Told with the neutral professional respect that the Masters of War series brings to every subject regardless of the side they fought for, this is the full life of a soldier who built something genuinely new, and understood, more clearly than those who inherited it, exactly what it was worth, and what it was not. 'The era of the cabinet war is past. What confronts us now is the war of peoples. It may well last seven years, or perhaps thirty. Woe to the statesman who, having lit the flame, does not calculate what he is kindling.' - Helmuth von Moltke, Reichstag, 14 May 1890