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Early approaches towards an understanding of transport at the tonoplast of higher plant cells were based on the kinetics of radio-isotope uptake (Torii and Laties. 1966) and exchange (Pitman, 1963). A variety of other methods became available in due course (reviewed by Clarkson and Luttge, 1984). But even with the most modern developments, the function of. the tonoplast remained in the dark. On the basis of Hitchell’s chemiosmotic $heory (Hitchell, 1967), mechanisms of membrane-bound H -translocating ATPases and H -solute co-transport were conceived for the plasmalemma of fungi and plants, based on experiments with intact tissues, cells or protoplasts . With the onset of the era of membrane fractionation it seemed obvious that plasmalemma and tonoplast vlould cause the greatest problems due to the apparent lack of intrinsic markers. Again the situation for the plasmalemma appeared to be favorable; the periodic-phosphotungstic-acid reagent was considered as a specific stain. There was also the opportunity to bind externally applied markers to the plasmalemma prior to cell homogenization. Vacuoles were initially considered as compartments for intracellular excretion or at best as storage compart ments, but were later understood to have important dynamic functions in cell physiology as a lytic compart ment comparable to animal lysosomes (Hatile, 1966). The dynamics of molecular functions of the tonoplast itself remained obscure, however, with one exception. Hotivated by the search for a better understanding of latex production by the rubber tree Hevea brasiliensis Hull. -Arg.
