Montadher Ali Mahdi / Mostafa Taha
Librería Samer Atenea
Kálamo Books
Librería Elías (Asturias)
Librería Kolima (Madrid)
Librería Proteo (Málaga)
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA) are among the most common chronic musculoskeletal disorders worldwide and represent major causes of disability, pain, and impaired quality of life. Although RA is primarily an autoimmune inflammatory disease and OA has traditionally been considered a degenerative joint disorder, increasing evidence suggests that oxidative stress and immune dysregulation contribute significantly to the pathogenesis and progression of both diseases. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), inflammatory cytokines, and alterations in antioxidant defense mechanisms are involved in cartilage degradation, synovial inflammation, and joint destruction. Therefore, identifying reliable biochemical and immunological biomarkers may improve disease diagnosis, assessment of disease activity, and understanding of the underlying pathological mechanisms.
