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Part 13 Cosmetic ManufacturingPart 13.1 Cosmetic Manufacturing ProcessesEditor: Bruce VictorContributors:Donald S. Buell Este Lauder Companies, Inc.Rose Khosravani Este Lauder Companies, Inc.Doug J. Melenkevitz Este Lauder Companies, Inc.Bruce L. Victor Este Lauder Companies, Inc.David P. Yacko Este Lauder Companies, Inc.Meyer R. Rosen Interactive Consulting, Inc.Table of Contents: 13.1 Introduction 13.1.2 Unit Operations a. Mixing1. Quality of Mixing2. Mixing Rheology3. Heat Transfer4. Types of Reactors and Their Use in Cosmetics5. Emulsion Processing EquipmentHeat Transfer 13.1.3.1 Wet SystemsSingle Phase (Miscible) Systems a. Flow Patterns: Fluids with Low or Medium Viscosity (< 5,000 centipoise)b. Impellers for Liquids of Low and Medium Viscosityc. Power Consumptiond. Pumping Capacity and Velocity Heade. Mixing Timef. Influence of Vessel Shapeg. Flow Patterns: Fluids of High Viscosityh. Impeller Types and Mixers for High-Viscosity Fluids 13.1.3.2 Wet Systems - Multiphase Systems a. The Emulsification Processb. Orientation of Phasesc. Addition of Surfactantd. Emulsion Temperaturee. Emulsion Processing Equipment - Mixingf. High-Shear Mixers and Dispersion Equipmentg. Batch Homogenizersh. Continuous High-Pressure Homogenizers and Mixersi. Processing of Water in Silicone Emulsionsj. Liposome Production 13.1.3.3 Wet SystemsLiquidSolid Systemsa. Suspension of Solidsb. Milling Equipmentc. Colloid Millsd. Ball Millse. Three-Roll Mills 13.1.4 Filling a. Filling Parametersb. Filling Machinesc. Filling Low-Viscosity Products (Lotions, Toners, Liquid Makeups)d. Filling High-Viscosity Products (Creams, Mascaras, Masks)e. FillingTraditional Lotion Productsf. Filling Shear-Sensitive Productsg. Filling Shampoos, Conditioners, CleansersProducts That Aerateh. Packaging Linesi. Warm and Hot FillsCreams and Dispersionsj. Warm and Hot FillsGodet Productsk. Warm and Hot FillsLipsticks, Lip Balms, Suppositoriesl. Antiperspirants and Deodorants 13.1.5 Scale-Upa. Agitationb. High-Shear Mixingc. Heat Transferd. Mass Transfer 13.1.6 Dry Systemsa. Blending Equipment b. Shearing Equipmentc. Alternatives to the Hammer Milld. Batch Color Correctione. Powder Grinds for Creams and Lotions BatchesDry Mixf. Loose Powdersg. Filling Loose Powdersh. Filling Pressed Powdersi. Powder Scale-Up Batch 13.1.7.1 Wet Continuous Processa. Emulsion Products Requiring Coolingb. Emulsion Hair Conditionersc. Hair Gelsd. Scale-Up of Continuous Systemse. Production Design Considerations 13.1.7.2 Dry Continuous ProcessingBulk Powder StoragePart 13.2Cold-Process Emulsification Producing Sub-Micron Dispersions:Formulation and Aesthetic Enhancement of Cosmetic and OTC Products13.2.1 Contemporary Cosmeticsa. The Futureb. Properties of Emulsionsc. Issues with Emulsions
