Keshav Singla / Sunandan Mittal / Tarun Kumar
Librería Samer Atenea
Kálamo Books
Librería Elías (Asturias)
Librería Kolima (Madrid)
Librería Proteo (Málaga)
Working length is the distance from a reproducible coronal reference point to the point at which canal preparation and obturation should terminate. Accurate determination of working length is essential for maintaining the apical anatomy, achieving adequate chemomechanical debridement, and preventing over-instrumentation or inadequate cleaning. Although the apical constriction has traditionally been considered the ideal endpoint, its anatomical variability necessitates a combination of electronic, radiographic, and clinical methods for reliable determination. Modern electronic apex locators have improved accuracy and reduced dependence on radiographic interpretation, while an understanding of apical anatomy and biological principles remains fundamental to appropriate working-length determination.
