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Judicial review is increasingly prevalent in modern democratic government. Yet with unelected judges reviewing - and potentially overturning - the work of the people’s representatives, it also has long been, in Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes’ words, ’the gravest and most delicate’ task that courts undertake. This book establishes a framework to consider the value of judicial review in modern democracy, grouping answers to this question into one of three main arguments, or ’visions’ for judicial review: legalist; rights-protecting; and majoritarian. The strength of these visions is then tested with an original dataset of constitutional court outcomes from four European courts - Poland, Slovenia, the Czech Republic, and Latvia - to determine whether any vision meets its promise. In fact, there is surprising support for the potentially majoritarian benefits of judicial review - a finding that challenges much of our existing theory regarding the value of the courts in modern democracy.
