The Physics of Coronary Blood Flow

The Lone Pump. -Heart ’Disease’? . -Origin of Coronary Blood Supply. -Coronary Arteries. -Left/Right Dominance. -Branching Structure. -Underlying Design?. -Coronary Flow Reserve.- Design Conflict?. -Summary. -Modelling Preliminaries. -Why Modelling?. -The ’Lumped Model’ Concept. -Flow in a Tube. -Fluid Viscosity: Resistance to Flow. -Fluid Inertia: Inductance. -Elasticity of the Tube Wall: Capacitance. -Elasticity of the Tube Wall: Wave Propagation. -Mechanical Analogy. -Electrical Analogy. -Summary. -Basic Lumped Elements. -Introduction. -RLC System in Series. -Free Dynamics of the RLC System in Series. -R1,R2 in Parallel. -R,L in Parallel. -R,C in Parallel. -RLC System in Parallel Under Constant Pressure. -RLC System in Parallel Under Constant Flow. -Summary. -Forced Dynamics of the RLC System. -Introduction. -The Particular Solution. -Using the Complex Exponential Function. -Overdamped Forced Dynamics. -Underdamped Forced Dynamics. -Critically Damped Forced Dynamics. -Transient and Steady States. -The Concept of Reactance. -The Concepts of Impedance, Complex Impedance. -Summary. -The Analysis of Composite Waveforms. -Introduction. -Basic Theory. -Example: Single-Step Waveform. -Example: Piecewise Waveform. -Numerical Formulation. -Example: Cardiac Waveform. -Summary. -Composite Pressure-Flow Relations. -Introduction. -Composite Pressure-Flow Relations Under Pure Resistance. -Example: Cardiac Pressure Wave. -Composite Pressure-Flow Relations Under General Impedance. -Composite Pressure-Flow Relations Under Inertial Effects. -Composite Pressure-Flow Relations Under Capacitance Effects. -Composite Pressure-Flow Relations Under RLC in Series. -Composite Pressure-Flow Relations Under RLC in Parallel. -Summary. -Lumped Models. -Introduction. -LM0: {R,C}. -LM1: {R1,{R2+C}}. -LM2: {{R1+L},{R2+C}}. -LM3: {{R1+(pb)},{R2+C}}. -Inflow-Outflow. -Summary. -Elements of Unlumped-Model Analysis. -Introduction. -The Streamwise Space Dimension. -Steady Flow along Tube Segments. -Steady Flow Through a Bifurcation. -Pulsatile Flow in a Rigid Tube. -Pulsatile Flow in an Elastic Tube. -Wave Reflections. -Summary. -Basic Unlumped Models. -Introduction. -Steady Flow in Branching Tubes. -Pulsatile Flow in Rigid Branching Tubes. -Elastic Branching Tubes. -Effective Impedance, Admittance. -Pulsatile Flow in Elastic Branching Tubes. -Cardiac Pressure Wave in Elastic Branching Tubes. -Summary. -Dynamic Pathologies. -Introduction. -Magic Norms? -Coronary Heart Disease, Physical Exercise, and the Conundrum of Coronary Flow Reserve. -Wave Propagation Through a Coronary Bypass. -Wave Propagation Through a Coronary Stent. -Sudden Cardiac Death. -Broken Heart Syndrome. -Summary. -References. -Index.