The First Philosophers

The First Philosophers: Evidence for the Superior Intelligence of Homo NeanderthalensisBy Michael Harris, M.S. Anthropology, University of MinnesotaThey had larger brains than we do. They were the first to make fire, create art, and bury their dead. And then, 23,000 years ago, they vanished.For a century and a half, science dismissed them as brutish evolutionary failures- stooped cave-dwellers swept aside by the arrival of smarter, more sophisticated Homo sapiens. That story was never based on honest evidence. It was based on what we needed to believe about ourselves. The First Philosophers dismantles that myth with the full force of the modern scientific record.Drawing on genetics, neuroscience, archaeology, paleoanthropology, and decades of landmark discoveries, Michael Harris constructs a comprehensive, rigorously researched case for one of the most provocative conclusions in the history of science: Neanderthals were not our inferiors. In critical domains of intelligence, they were our superiors - and in every domain that matters, they were our equals.Their brains averaged 150 cubic centimetres larger than ours. They manufactured the world’s first synthetic adhesive -birch bark pitch- through a controlled chemical process requiring precise temperature management 200,000 years before modern humans attempted anything comparable. They painted the walls of deep limestone caves 65,000 years ago, at least 20,000 years before Homo sapiens set foot in Europe. They buried their dead with flowers and grave goods. They cared for their disabled and elderly across years and even decades of dependence. They spoke- anatomically, genetically, and behaviorally. The evidence points in only one direction.And they live in us. Every non-African person alive today carries between one and four percent Neanderthal DNA - tested by natural selection over thousands of years and retained because it confers genuine biological advantages. You are, in a measurable and meaningful sense, part Neanderthal. This book tells you what that means.The First Philosophers covers the full sweep of the Neanderthal story across eleven landmark sections:The complete history of Neanderthal discovery, from the 1829 Engis skull to the 2018 cave art dating cave art that rewrote human prehistory.The brain volume paradox - what larger Neanderthal brains actually mean for cognition, and the compelling case for a distinct but equivalent form of intelligence.Their mastery of fire, synthetic chemistry, and the Levallois stone tool technique - one of the most cognitively demanding manufacturing processes in the entire Palaeolithic record.Cave art, eagle talon jewelry, ochre pigments, and the Divje Babe flute- the full evidence for Neanderthal symbolic thought and aesthetic life.Burial practices and compassionate care for the sick, elderly, and disabled - including a child with what appears to be Down syndrome, cared for 170,000 years ago.A detailed examination of key fossil specimens: Amud 1, Shanidar 1, La Chapelle-aux-Saints, Kebara 2, Maba, and more...The genetic legacy: what Neanderthal DNA does in the modern human body and mind.The Denisovans, Dragon Man, and the forgotten geniuses of archaic human evolution.Biblical and creationist perspectives on Neanderthal humanity.The disturbing history of Nazi racial science and its deliberate distortion of the Neanderthal record - and how those distortions persisted in mainstream science for decades after the regime fell.The ancient astronaut hypothesis: a serious, balanced examination of the Anunnaki theory, the Sumerian creation texts, and the genuine anomalies in the human evolutionary record that the hypothesis attempts to explain.This book asks you to follow the evidence honestly, wherever it leads you.