Radioionidation Reactions for Pharmaceuticals

INTRODUCTION.- IODINE RADIONUCLIDES. Physical properties and areas of application. Radiochemical and radionuclidic purity. Specific radioactivity. Production of iodine radionuclides. Production of 120I. Production of 122I. Production of 123I. Production of 124I. Production of 125I. Production of 131I. References.- IODINATED RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS. Physico-chemical properties. Carbon-iodine bond. Bond distances. Energy, stability. Steric hindrance and electronic density. Lipophilicity. Pharmaceutical properties. Chemical and radiochemical purity. Stability in vitro and shelf-life. Pharmacological characteristics. Pharmaceutical considerations. References.-METHODS OF RADIOIODINATION. References. Nucleophilic substitution. General. Halogen exchange in aliphatic compounds. Isotopic exchange. Radioiodine-for-bromine exchange. Halogen exchange in aromatic compounds. Isotopic exchange. Radioiodine-for-bromine or -chlorine exchange. Copper assisted halogen exchange. Cu(I) assisted radioiodination. Cu(II) assisted radioiodination. Radioiodo-dediazonization. References. Electrophilic substitution. General considerations. Oxidising reagents. Iodine monohalide (ICl, IF). N-Chloroamides. Iodogen™ N-Halosuccinimides. Peracids. Other oxidants. Direct electrophilic radioiodination (radioiodo- deprotonation). Demetallation techniques (radioiodo-demetallation). Radioiodo-deboronation. Radioiodo-demetallation with group IV metals. Radioiodo-demetallation with mercury and thallium. References. Macromolecule labelling. Protein radioiodination. Direct radioiodination of proteins. Indirect radioiodination. Amine-reactive conjugates. Sulfhydryl-reactive conjugates. Carbohydrate-reactive conjugates. Nonspecific conjugates. Oligonucleotide radioiodination. References.- IODINATED RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS. Examples of nucleophilic labelling. Interhalogen exchange. Meta-iodobenzylguanidine (MIBG). RO 43-0463.Benzamides. Iomazenil. Other methods. IQNB. Iodoethylspiperone. Examples of electrophilic labelling. Direct iodination. Iodo-lisuride,- 3-Iodo-alpha-methyl-L-tyrosine (IMT),- IBZM. Radioiodo-demetallation. Fatty acid. Epidepride. beta-CIT. PE2I. Succinimide activated para-iodobenzoic acid. Iomazenil. MIBG. References.-EXPERT SYSTEM. General considerations. Activating effects of aromatic substituents. Aromatic nucleophilic substitution (SNAr). Aromatic electrophilic substitution (SEAr). Guidelines for radioiodination. Introduction. Examples.- COMPOUND: R91150. COMPOUND: IBZM.- Blank check-list.