Librería Samer Atenea
Librería Aciertas (Toledo)
Kálamo Books
Librería Perelló (Valencia)
Librería Elías (Asturias)
Donde los libros
Librería Kolima (Madrid)
Librería Proteo (Málaga)
During the early centuries of Islam, due to geographical, human, and historical reasons, the ports of the Persian Gulf arose and fell from west to east in historical and geographical directions successively and respectively: first Basra (as the main port of the first phase of the first caliphate of Abbasid until 870 AD); then the city port of Genaveh, and then harbors of of Khuzestan and Bahrain (the island of Oval and Hajar) in the realm of Qarmatins until about 912 AD; and eventually the port of Siraf appeared at the time of Buwaihids (to 986 AH). Thus, merchant societies in the three regions of Iraq, Bahrain and Khuzestan, and Persia traversed the path of development, evolution, and decline, respectively. In this historical course, the fields and criteria of internal solidarity and professional knowledge of Persian Gulf merchants were based on the inheritance and legal principles of the Ancients to the Shari’a of Islam during the Rashidun Caliphate and the revival of zealotry and ardur in the Umayyad era and since Abbasids and Buwaihids based on the professional ethics and law of business, partnership, division of labor and support of one another, etc.
