Marijuana and the Cannabinoids

Chapter 1. Cannabis and Natural Cannabis Medicines David P. Watson and Robert C. Clarke Introduction Life Cycle and Ecology Field Crop Production Glasshouse and Grow Room Production Resin Gland Anatomy and Development Cannabinoid and Terpenoid Biosynthesis Medical Values of Terpenes Cannabis’ Origin, Domestication and Dispersal The Cannabis Species Debate Drug Cannabis Breeding The Introduction of ’Indica’ Advances in Medical Cannabis Research The Future of Medical Cannabis Conclusion References Chapter 2. Chemistry and Analysis of Phytocannabinoids and Other Cannabis Constituents Rudolf Brenneisen Chemistry of Phytocannabinoids and Non-Cannabinoid-Type Constituents Phytocannabinoids Introduction Chemistry THC Potency Trends THC in Hemp Seed Products Non-cannabinoid-type Constituents Terpenoids Hydrocarbons Nitrogen-containing Compounds Carbohydrates Flavonoids Fatty Acids Non-cannabinoid Phenols Simple Alcohols, Aldehydes, Ketones, Acids, Esters, Lactones Other Pharmacological Characteristics of Cannabinoids and Other Cannabis Constituents Analysis of Phytocannabinoids Microscopy Color Reactions Chromatographic Techniques Thin-layer Chromatography Gas Chromatography, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) Other Techniques DNA testing References Chapter 3. Chemical Fingerprinting as a Means of Source Identification Mahmoud A. ElSohly, Donald F. Stanford, and Timothy P. Murphy Introduction Chemometrics Chemical Constituents of Cannabis Experimental Design Methodology Extraction GC/MS Analysis Multivariate Data Analysis Results of Phase II Study Similarities Within the Model Identification of Unknowns Indoor Vs. Outdoor Daughter Plants Grown in a Different Region Age and Sex Storage Conditions Hashish ’Silver Bullet’ Theory Conclusions Acknowledgements References Chapter 4. Marijuana Smoke Condensate: Chemistry and Pharmacology Hala N. ElSohly and Mahmoud A. ElSohly Introduction Preparation Production of Smoke Condensate Fractionation and Analysis of Marijuana Smoke Condensate Pharmacological and Toxicological Activities Behavioral Activity Mutagenicity Pulmonary Hazards Interaction with Estrogen Receptor Inhibition of Dihydrotestosterone Binding to the Androgen Receptor References Chapter 5. Pharmacology of Cannabinoids Lionel P. Raymon and H. Chip Walls Introduction Endogenous Ligands Cannabinoid Receptors Effects of Cannabinoids on Motor Coordination Cortical Areas Basal Ganglia and Cerebellum Effects of Cannabinoids on the Limbic System Hippocampus and Memory Impairment Amygdala and Behavioral Effects Hypothalamus and Neuroendocrine Effects Cannabinoids and Analgesia Cannabinoids and Addiction Cannabinoids and Cardiovascular Effects Cannabinoids and Immunomodulation Conclusions References Chapter 6. The Endocannabinoid System and the Therapeutic Potential of Cannabinoids Billy R. Martin Introduction Endocannabinoid System Appetite Emesis Pain Drug Dependence Summary References Chapter 7. Immunoassays for the Detection of Cannabis Abuse: Technologies, Development Strategies, and Multi-Level Applications Jane Tsai Introduction Commonly-Used Immunoassays for Drugs of Abuse Screening Homogeneous Competitive Immunoassays Heterogeneous Competitive Immunoassays Point-of-Collection Drug Immunoassays Cannabinoids Immunoassays Cannabi