FULLERENES The Science and Technology of Carbon’s Most Versatile Molecule

PrefaceCarbon is one of the most extraordinary elements in nature. A single element gives rise to an astonishing variety of materials whose properties span nearly every extreme known to science. Diamond is among the hardest natural substances, graphite is soft enough to write with, graphene is one of the strongest and most electrically conductive materials ever discovered, and carbon nanotubes have transformed nanotechnology through their exceptional mechanical and electronic properties. Among these remarkable allotropes, fullerenes occupy a unique position. Their closed molecular cages combine elegant geometric symmetry with exceptional physical, chemical, and electronic properties, making them one of the most fascinating molecular systems in modern science.Since the discovery of buckminsterfullerene (C₆₀) in 1985, fullerene science has evolved from an unexpected laboratory discovery into a major interdisciplinary field spanning chemistry, physics, materials science, nanotechnology, electronics, energy conversion, catalysis, medicine, and quantum information science. What first appeared as a remarkably stable sixty-carbon cluster has become the foundation for thousands of scientific investigations and numerous technological innovations. Fullerene-based materials now contribute to organic and perovskite solar cells, rechargeable batteries, molecular electronics, superconductors, catalysts, biomedical imaging, drug delivery, quantum devices, and emerging two-dimensional carbon materials.This book presents a comprehensive, scientifically rigorous, and highly illustrated introduction to fullerene science. Designed for students, educators, researchers, scientists, and engineers, it develops the subject progressively-from the chemistry of carbon and the discovery of fullerenes to molecular symmetry, electronic structure, synthesis, characterization, physical properties, functionalization, supramolecular chemistry, and modern technological applications. Mathematical concepts are introduced only where they strengthen scientific understanding, making the material accessible to readers from diverse scientific backgrounds.A distinctive feature of this volume is its emphasis on visual learning. Original molecular illustrations, reaction schemes, spectroscopy diagrams, engineering concepts, comparative tables, and educational graphics are integrated throughout the text to simplify complex ideas and demonstrate how molecular structure determines material properties and technological performance.The 2026 Edition incorporates many recent advances, including graphullerene and other two-dimensional fullerene networks, next-generation photovoltaic materials, magnesium-fullerene battery frameworks, fullerene-based electrocatalysts, functionalized nanomedicine, spin-based quantum technologies, and the growing commercialization of fullerene-derived materials. Throughout the book, established scientific knowledge is distinguished from emerging research, providing readers with both a solid foundation and an appreciation of future directions.Science advances through observation, experimentation, and continual refinement of knowledge. Fullerenes exemplify this process. Their discovery transformed our understanding of carbon chemistry, inspired entirely new branches of nanoscience, and continues to open opportunities in energy, electronics, medicine, and quantum technologies. It is my hope that this book serves as both a dependable reference and a source of inspiration for students, educators, researchers, and technology professionals. The story of fullerenes is still unfolding, and many of its most important discoveries undoubtedly remain ahead.