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uman-computer interaction is the study of interaction between human beings and computers and the use of the knowledge to design more appropriate user interfaces (Chakraborty and Yadav, 2023). The complexity and versatility of computers demand that the interaction between human beings and computers to be open ended just like human-human interaction. In human-computer interaction, the responsibility of decision making, control and non-numerical processing is better suited for a human user while tasks like storing, processing and dissipating information are better handled by a computer. When working on a computer, a human user maintains a mental model of the work being done and the expressions of the user are used as input to the computer. The computer also maintains a formal information model and presents the current state of its information model to the human user as and when required through the output devices (Fig. 1.1). The interaction between a human being and a computer takes place through a well- defined user interface (Yadav and Chakraborty, 2020). In the 1940s and 1950s, computers used punched cards for input and output operations and only skilled technicians were able to use those systems. In the 1960s and 1970s, computers with character user interface were developed and users could interact with those computers through a keyboard and a monitor. However, the intricate nature of the interaction needed programming skills to operate the systems. The development of computers with graphical user interface changed the nature of the interaction between human beings and computers. Users interacted with such computers predominantly with a computer mouse. The users could directly manipulate the visual constructs on the screen and this provided a much awaited ease to the users. Human-computer allizing as an academic discipline in the early-1980s.
