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宪政三论--自由·法治·民主

宪政三论--自由·法治·民主

Qianfan Zhang 张千帆 / 千帆 张

46,53 €
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Editorial:
Indy Pub
Año de edición:
2023
Materia
Política y gobierno
ISBN:
9798869010957
46,53 €
IVA incluido
Disponible

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本书探讨宪政的三个组成部分--自由、法治、民主。它们是任何一个正常运行的社会所必备的制度要素,也是社会契约的基本核心。人生来自由,没有国家和法律的约束。但是人多了,形成了社会,自由就不能没有边界,否则必然陷于互害。在这个意义上,必须承认人性之'恶',因而必须建立国家以克制人性之恶。然而,'国家'(政府)也是由人构成的,因而也只是'必要的恶'。美国立宪者麦迪逊在《联邦党文集》第51篇中精辟指出:因为我们都是会犯错的人,而不是不会犯错的神,所以必须接受政府统治;因为政府也不是一贯正确的神,而是由会犯错的人构成,所以政府的统治权需要受到制约。我们每个人都必须接受法律约束,显然不是为了放弃自由、拥抱奴役,而是为了更好地保护自己和他人的自由。政府只得做它该做的事,不得做它不该做的事,而它该做什么、不该做什么,就是社会契约的基本内容。我们大家来到一起商讨并约定:我们希望生活在一个什么样的国家?个人自由和国家权力的边界各在何方?政府必须遵守的基本原则是什么?由此产生的契约可以归结为三个大的方面:自由(宗教自由、言论自由、平等或反歧视、人身自由、财产权)、法治(分权、司法独立、行政中立)和民主(周期性选举的若干要 素)。[1] 一部正当的宪法就是社会契约的摹本和展开,宪政就是契约原则的落地实施。 [1]     参见张千帆:'建构社会契约,缔造议会联邦'(上),https://www.chinese-future.org/articles/--bs2bf;'建构社会契约,缔造议会联邦'(下),https://www.chinese-future.org/articles/--1,《中国良心知识分子谈宪政民主》问答之一,2020年5月4日。

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